This lesson was written in partnership with Dorena Martineau, the Paiute Cultural Resource Director, and was approved by the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah’s Tribal Council. Before teaching this lesson, please explain to your students that there are many Indigenous tribes in the United States and that this lesson specifically focuses on the five bands of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah and does not represent other Native American groups. It is the hope of the Paiutes that other native tribes will respect their choice to share these aspects of their history and culture.
This lesson teaches and encourages students to create modern creative dance movement. The movement in this lesson does not imitate traditional Paiute dances. Teachers should not mimic or recreate Native dances. The essence of this lesson is to embody the restrictions placed upon the Paiute tribe and celebrate their many and great accomplishments.
Note: If you plan to split the lesson into two 45-minute sessions, an appropriate breaking point is at the end of the choral reading and before the explore tribe vs. band.
Teach students choreography involving their largest kinesphere. Make sure the students understand what it means to move with their largest kinesphere. (See additional resources for information about kinespheres.) Then in preparation for the class you will have printed out the google docs attached in the “Preparation” section and cut out each cell in the tables included in these documents. After cutting out the cells, put each piece of paper in a bowl. These pieces of paper will be referred to and represent restrictions.
After students know the choreography well, students will each draw 1 restriction randomly from the pieces of paper available. They will not be able to access whatever is on their paper. For example, if a student draws a piece of paper that says “arms” then they will perform the taught choreography to the best of their ability using their largest kinesphere but without using their arms.Students may keep each piece of paper they draw.
Invite each student to pick another restriction paper and then split the class into two groups. Invite both groups to perform for one another with both the restrictions they have drawn so far. Ask the students to notice the ways that their peers perform and solve problems with the restrictions. Repeat this process so students are performing for each other again with three restrictions.
After all the students have performed three restrictions, it is time to reflect on what this experience was like. Some questions you can ask are:
Teacher: Likewise, many groups of people throughout history have felt unseen, due to the policies enacted by people in power, silencing their voices. Today we are going to learn about a group of Native American people, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah, who for 26 years were forgotten and confined until 1980 when their federal recognition was restored.
Does anyone know what it means to lose federal recognition as a Native American tribe?
Explain that when a tribe loses federal recognition it means that reservation land is no longer protected under trust agreements with the United States. The tribe does not have federal tax protection, health and education benefits, or agricultural assistance. Recognition stems from treaties signed with the Federal government in years past. In essence, “lost,” means the treaties are no longer recognized, therefore the tribe is not considered a tribe or sovereign nation.
Share that in 1954 four Paiute bands in southwestern Utah lost their federal recognition. For 26 years they were without any federal assistance or recognition. They lost approximately 15,000 acres of land and nearly one half of the Paiute people died because of inadequate health resources.
Teacher: In comparison, the home you live in cannot be taken by somebody else as long as you adhere to certain rules, such as paying rent or mortgage. If you are following those rules then the federal government recognizes that you live in that property and provides legal protection. The Paiute tribe was following the rules, but even though they were, the federal government told them that they were not going to provide that legal protection against their land anymore. Therefore, they were not given many of the benefits that we enjoy and need such as healthcare or education.
Pass out the choral reading about the history of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah’s lost and restoration of recognition and sovereignty (see attached PDF). Choral reading is an interpretive reading of text by a group of voices. Students may read individual lines or stanzas alone, in groups or in unison as a whole class. Since the Paiute tribe contains five bands today, arrange the class into five groups. These will be the small groups in the choral reading and the solos will be five individual narrators, one from each group.
Have each group choose their narrator or select a narrator from each group yourself.
The teacher should do the initial reading. This will set the pace and model proper pronunciation for students as they listen. After the first reading, have the students do the choral reading all together as a class.
Discuss and ask questions like those below:
NOTE: If this is a two-part lesson, this is a good place to stop.
Show the class the historical map of Utah Native tribal lands and point out the traditional Southern Paiute territory.
Ask if any students have been to this region of Utah. Have them share what the climate was like, what they noticed about the physical geography, and any other distinguishing factors. Write their answers on the board. Consider creating a mind map.
Then read aloud the five facts below about the Paiute. Remind the students that some of these facts refer to the Paiute way of living in the past before settlements were founded in the area. Write abridged versions on the board and have a discussion with the students, drawing connections, recording questions and so on.
After reading the facts, and writing them on the board ask, “What movement qualities could be inspired by the way the Paiute tribe lived?” Below is an example that could help your students begin to brainstorm:
Write the discussion answers on the whiteboard.
The Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah today is made up of five bands. A band is a much smaller group of people, mostly related. In comparison, a tribe is a larger group, sometimes comprised of smaller bands, which share a language along with basic customs and beliefs.
Hold up a map of Utah with the following towns/counties highlighted. Point to the corresponding towns as you watch Karma Grayman share part of a legend about the five bands at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJw7ZfE2UkI&list=PLQ_aOwP41-h5iLbUkn3owO9vdhvS3cEVJ&index=8. (View from 18:20-20:30)
Teacher: In the video, Karma Grayman, a Paiute elder, taught Paiute children about the five bands of the Paiute tribe. Raise your hand if you have been to any of these counties before:
Note: There is a phonetic pronunciation guide for these Paiute band names at the end of the choral reading.
Divide the class into 5 groups and assign each group in secret (other groups will not know) a movement characteristic from the ones your class discussed about the Paiute tribe. Give each group 5 minutes to choreograph 8 counts of movement based on the movement characteristics they were assigned. Students may spread out throughout the entire room to work on the choreography. After the 5 minutes students will perform their choreography in the SW corner of the room (representing the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah) and the students watching will have to guess which movement characteristic they are performing. Summarize this activity with this question…
What did you learn about tribes and bands and the ways the Southern Paiute tribe lived within their environment?
Have the class sit in their five groups. Hand each group one description paper for either the Cedar, Indian Peaks, Kanosh, Koosharem, and Shivwits band (print and pass out “Paiute Bands Tableau Information”). Give them 5 minutes to practice reading the information aloud and making the logo with their bodies through a shape. Students may choose whether to make the same shape in their group or each make a different shape. They do not need to read the contact information on the documents. Gather the class together and have them continue to sit in their bands as the groups perform their still shape for each other in the SW corner of the taped UT state.
The students are now at the create and perform portion of the class. Together as a class, students will create one big, choreographed dance through combining the movement they have learned and created thus far. The structure of the big group dance will look like this:
As the students and teacher explored the restoration phase of Paiute history, they showed the tribal nation’s restored sovereignty. The Paiute tribe were able to govern themselves through their recognized tribal council. The separate bands joined together to create the unified Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah. Here is a picture of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah logo.
Have the students create an entire class shape. This will not be a shape of the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah logo, but will instead show how the Paiute people felt as they were again granted federal recognition. To do this, instruct students to physically move together and create a frozen picture symbolizing the individual bands joining together to form one federally recognized tribe. The class should decide their movement based on the feelings the Paiute people might have felt at this time. All the bands will need to work together and be ready to create the shape in fifteen seconds.
This ending shape the class creates is the end of the performance. After they perform the piece a couple of times lead a cool down, then discuss what it was like to embody the feelings and emotions of the Paiute tribe losing and regaining federal recognition and sovereignty. Some questions you could include in your discussion are…
This lesson can be used to meet standards in many grades and subject areas. We will highlight one grade’s standards to give an example of application.
This lesson was created thanks to a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Utah Division of Arts & Museums.
Image 1: Beth Dean
Image 2: Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
Image 3: Beth Dean
Image 4: Curtis Soderborg
Image 5: Indian Camp, Kanosh Utah by George Edward Anderson, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University https://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/digital/collection/GEA/id/3015
Image 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XusETrEjeOE&t=193s located at https://www.utahpaiutes.org/culture/
Image 7: Curtis Soderborg
Image 8: Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
© Brigham Young University and Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah
www.education.byu.edu/arts/lessons