Purpose: In this study, we examine: (a) the direct effect of principal leadership on teacher-student interaction quality, (b) the direct effect of teacher-student interaction quality on student mathematics achievement, and (c) the indirect effect of principal leadership on student mathematics achievement via teacher-student interaction quality. These effects are tested in schools randomized to one of two conditions—one in which teachers have been trained in the Responsive Classroom approach and the other in which teachers are using business as usual approaches.
Research Design: We used a multi-group, multilevel structural equation
model to test the strength of the direct and indirect relations among principals, teachers, and students at intervention versus comparison schools. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 24 socioeconomically diverse, suburban elementary schools.
Findings: In the intervention group only, results showed (a) direct effects between
teachers' perception of their principal’s leadership and teaching quality; (b) direct effects
between teaching quality and student mathematics achievement; and (c) indirect effects
between teachers' perception of their principal's leadership and mathematics achievement.
These relations were not present in the comparison schools.
Conclusions and Implications for Research and Practice: The Responsive
Classroom approach creates conditions in which principal leadership appears to have influence on teaching quality, and in turn, mathematics achievement. One plausible explanation is that the Responsive Classroom approach enhances interconnectedness among principals, teachers, and students.

In the United States, many teachers feel underprepared to manage student classroom behavior positively. Such management is crucial for students to learn effectively, especially those with or at risk of emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Although increasing teacher praise and decreasing teacher reprimands may be research-based practices, more empirical evidence is required for them to be considered evidence based. The current study of 65 elementary school teachers and 239 students across three states contrasted the effects of these teacher behaviors on engagement and disruptions of students who were and were not at risk of EBD. Using structural equation modeling, we examined how the engagement and disruptions of students at risk were more sensitive to teacher praise and reprimand than the behavior of their typical peers. These results support the literature and invite teachers to consider that who they praise and reprimand is just as important as how.

Students with deficits in social skills have been found to experience both short- and long-term problems, including interpersonal conflicts and academic difficulties. These problems are compounded for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Classwide function-related intervention teams (CW-FIT), a multitiered classroom management program, has been shown to be effective in increasing on-task behavior and decreasing disruptive behavior of students at risk for EBD. The present study examined the effects of CW-FIT on teachers’ ratings of students’ social skills, problem behaviors, and academic competence. A randomized control trial was completed with 160 elementary school teachers located in 19 schools across three states. Teachers completed rating scales on 350 students identified as at risk for EBD, for whom consent had been obtained. After being randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions, CW-FIT was implemented for approximately 4 months in treatment classrooms, after which teachers completed posttest ratings on all students. CW-FIT implementation was associated with significantly improved teacher ratings of social skills and academic competence for students at risk for EBD, but no significant changes in teacher ratings of student problem behaviors were found. Higher fidelity of CW-FIT implementation was associated with improved outcomes. Implications, limitations, and areas for future research are addressed.

von Suchodoletz, A., Uka, F., & Larsen, R. A. (2015). Self-Regulation Across Different Contexts: Findings in Young Albanian Children. Early Education and Development, (ahead-of-print), 1-18.